diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/Cargo.toml b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/Cargo.toml
index f33a9c7..8471f90 100644
--- a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/Cargo.toml
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
+ash.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/commands.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/commands.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af0e367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/commands.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+use ash::vk;
+
+use crate::{
+    recorder::{CommandIndex, CommandRecorder, RecordError, RecordedCommand, SideEffectMap},
+    resources::{
+        Buffer, BufferRange, ResourceId, SubresourceScope, SubresourceScopeInner, Texture,
+    },
+};
+
+/// A recorded operation declares its accesses before compilation and applies
+/// itself to a Vulkan command buffer after resource binding.
+pub trait Command: RecordedCommand {
+    fn side_effects(&self, command_index: CommandIndex, map: &mut SideEffectMap);
+}
+
+fn access(
+    stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2,
+    access: vk::AccessFlags2,
+    subresource: SubresourceScopeInner,
+) -> SubresourceScope {
+    SubresourceScope {
+        stage,
+        access,
+        subresource,
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CopyBuffer {
+    pub src: Buffer,
+    pub src_range: BufferRange,
+    pub dst: Buffer,
+    pub dst_range: BufferRange,
+}
+
+impl Command for CopyBuffer {
+    fn side_effects(&self, command_index: CommandIndex, map: &mut SideEffectMap) {
+        map.insert(
+            command_index,
+            self.src.id(),
+            access(
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2::COPY,
+                vk::AccessFlags2::TRANSFER_READ,
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(self.src_range),
+            ),
+        );
+        map.insert(
+            command_index,
+            self.dst.id(),
+            access(
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2::COPY,
+                vk::AccessFlags2::TRANSFER_WRITE,
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(self.dst_range),
+            ),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl RecordedCommand for CopyBuffer {
+    fn apply(&mut self, recorder: &mut CommandRecorder<'_>) -> Result<(), RecordError> {
+        let region = vk::BufferCopy2::default()
+            .src_offset(self.src_range.offset)
+            .dst_offset(self.dst_range.offset)
+            .size(self.src_range.size.min(self.dst_range.size));
+        let regions = [region];
+        let info = vk::CopyBufferInfo2::default()
+            .src_buffer(recorder.buffer(self.src.id())?)
+            .dst_buffer(recorder.buffer(self.dst.id())?)
+            .regions(&regions);
+        unsafe {
+            recorder
+                .device
+                .cmd_copy_buffer2(recorder.command_buffer, &info)
+        };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ClearTexture {
+    pub texture: Texture,
+    pub range: vk::ImageSubresourceRange,
+    pub layout: vk::ImageLayout,
+    pub color: [f32; 4],
+}
+
+impl Command for ClearTexture {
+    fn side_effects(&self, command_index: CommandIndex, map: &mut SideEffectMap) {
+        map.insert(
+            command_index,
+            self.texture.id(),
+            access(
+                vk::PipelineStageFlags2::CLEAR,
+                vk::AccessFlags2::TRANSFER_WRITE,
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture {
+                    range: self.range,
+                    layout: self.layout,
+                },
+            ),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl RecordedCommand for ClearTexture {
+    fn apply(&mut self, recorder: &mut CommandRecorder<'_>) -> Result<(), RecordError> {
+        let value = vk::ClearColorValue {
+            float32: self.color,
+        };
+        unsafe {
+            recorder.device.cmd_clear_color_image(
+                recorder.command_buffer,
+                recorder.image(self.texture.id())?,
+                self.layout,
+                &value,
+                &[self.range],
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Draw {
+    pub vertex_count: u32,
+    pub instance_count: u32,
+    pub first_vertex: u32,
+    pub first_instance: u32,
+}
+
+impl Command for Draw {
+    fn side_effects(&self, _command_index: CommandIndex, _map: &mut SideEffectMap) {}
+}
+
+impl RecordedCommand for Draw {
+    fn apply(&mut self, recorder: &mut CommandRecorder<'_>) -> Result<(), RecordError> {
+        unsafe {
+            recorder.device.cmd_draw(
+                recorder.command_buffer,
+                self.vertex_count,
+                self.instance_count,
+                self.first_vertex,
+                self.first_instance,
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn resource_id(buffer: Buffer) -> ResourceId {
+    buffer.id()
+}
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/graph.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..608d6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+use ash::vk;
+
+use crate::{
+    recorder::{CommandIndex, CommandList, CommandRecorder, RecordError, scope_range},
+    resources::{
+        Buffer, ResourceDesc, ResourceId, Subresource, SubresourceScope, SubresourceScopeInner,
+        Texture, access_flag_is_write,
+    },
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum GraphError {
+    UnknownResource(ResourceId),
+    DependencyCycle,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BarrierResource {
+    pub id: ResourceId,
+    pub range: Subresource,
+    pub src_stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2,
+    pub src_access: vk::AccessFlags2,
+    pub dst_stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2,
+    pub dst_access: vk::AccessFlags2,
+    pub old_layout: Option<vk::ImageLayout>,
+    pub new_layout: Option<vk::ImageLayout>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PipelineBarrier {
+    pub before_command: CommandIndex,
+    pub resources: Vec<BarrierResource>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ResourceLifetime {
+    pub first_command: CommandIndex,
+    pub last_command: CommandIndex,
+    /// Placeholder allocator binding; resources with disjoint lifetimes can
+    /// share an offset when their descriptor sizes permit it.
+    pub memory_offset: u64,
+}
+
+pub struct RenderGraph {
+    next_id: u64,
+    resources: BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceDesc>,
+    pub commands: CommandList,
+}
+
+impl RenderGraph {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            next_id: 0,
+            resources: BTreeMap::new(),
+            commands: CommandList::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_resource(&mut self, desc: ResourceDesc) -> ResourceId {
+        let id = ResourceId(self.next_id);
+        self.next_id = self.next_id.checked_add(1).expect("resource id overflow");
+        self.resources.insert(id, desc);
+        id
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_buffer(&mut self, desc: crate::resources::BufferDesc) -> Buffer {
+        Buffer(self.add_resource(ResourceDesc::CreatedBuffer(desc)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn create_texture(&mut self, desc: crate::resources::TextureDesc) -> Texture {
+        Texture(self.add_resource(ResourceDesc::CreatedTexture(desc)))
+    }
+
+    pub fn import_buffer(
+        &mut self,
+        handle: vk::Buffer,
+        initial: crate::resources::ResourceState,
+    ) -> Buffer {
+        Buffer(self.add_resource(ResourceDesc::ImportedBuffer { handle, initial }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn import_texture(
+        &mut self,
+        handle: vk::Image,
+        initial: crate::resources::ResourceState,
+    ) -> Texture {
+        Texture(self.add_resource(ResourceDesc::ImportedTexture { handle, initial }))
+    }
+
+    pub fn push<C: crate::commands::Command + 'static>(&mut self, command: C) -> CommandIndex {
+        self.commands.push(command)
+    }
+
+    pub fn compile(self) -> Result<CompiledGraph, GraphError> {
+        let command_count = self.commands.len();
+        let mut edges = vec![BTreeSet::new(); command_count];
+        let mut indegree = vec![0usize; command_count];
+        let accesses = self.commands.side_effects.command_accesses();
+
+        for current in 0..command_count {
+            for prior in 0..current {
+                let dependency = accesses[prior].iter().any(|earlier| {
+                    accesses[current].iter().any(|later| {
+                        earlier.resource == later.resource && earlier.scope.conflicts(&later.scope)
+                    })
+                });
+                if dependency && edges[prior].insert(current) {
+                    indegree[current] += 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut ready: BTreeSet<_> = indegree
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(index, &degree)| (degree == 0).then_some(index))
+            .collect();
+        let mut order = Vec::with_capacity(command_count);
+        while let Some(index) = ready.pop_first() {
+            order.push(index.into());
+            for &dependent in &edges[index] {
+                indegree[dependent] -= 1;
+                if indegree[dependent] == 0 {
+                    ready.insert(dependent);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if order.len() != command_count {
+            return Err(GraphError::DependencyCycle);
+        }
+
+        for command_accesses in accesses {
+            for access in command_accesses {
+                if !self.resources.contains_key(&access.resource) {
+                    return Err(GraphError::UnknownResource(access.resource));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let barriers = build_barriers(&order, accesses, &self.resources);
+        let lifetimes = bind_resources(&self.resources, accesses);
+
+        Ok(CompiledGraph {
+            resources: self.resources,
+            commands: self.commands,
+            order,
+            barriers,
+            lifetimes,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for RenderGraph {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CompiledGraph {
+    resources: BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceDesc>,
+    commands: CommandList,
+    order: Vec<CommandIndex>,
+    barriers: Vec<PipelineBarrier>,
+    lifetimes: BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceLifetime>,
+}
+
+impl CompiledGraph {
+    pub fn command_order(&self) -> &[CommandIndex] {
+        &self.order
+    }
+
+    pub fn barriers(&self) -> &[PipelineBarrier] {
+        &self.barriers
+    }
+
+    pub fn resource_lifetimes(&self) -> &BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceLifetime> {
+        &self.lifetimes
+    }
+
+    /// Record the compiled order into a real Vulkan command buffer. Imported
+    /// handles are automatically bound. Created resources require a future
+    /// allocator integration and currently return a missing-handle error when
+    /// used by a command.
+    pub fn record_commands(
+        &mut self,
+        recorder: &mut CommandRecorder<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<(), RecordError> {
+        for (&id, &desc) in &self.resources {
+            match desc {
+                ResourceDesc::ImportedBuffer { handle, .. } => {
+                    recorder.buffers.insert(id, handle);
+                }
+                ResourceDesc::ImportedTexture { handle, .. } => {
+                    recorder.images.insert(id, handle);
+                }
+                ResourceDesc::CreatedBuffer(_) | ResourceDesc::CreatedTexture(_) => {}
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut barriers = self.barriers.iter().peekable();
+        for (ordered_index, &command_index) in self.order.iter().enumerate() {
+            while barriers
+                .peek()
+                .is_some_and(|barrier| barrier.before_command == ordered_index.into())
+            {
+                recorder.pipeline_barrier(barriers.next().expect("peeked barrier"));
+            }
+            self.commands.commands[command_index.index()].apply(recorder)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn build_barriers(
+    order: &[CommandIndex],
+    accesses: &[Vec<crate::recorder::ResourceAccess>],
+    resource_descs: &BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceDesc>,
+) -> Vec<PipelineBarrier> {
+    let mut result = Vec::new();
+    for (ordered_index, &command_index) in order.iter().enumerate() {
+        let mut barrier_resources = Vec::new();
+        for current in &accesses[command_index.index()] {
+            let previous = order[..ordered_index]
+                .iter()
+                .rev()
+                .flat_map(|&prior_index| accesses[prior_index.index()].iter().rev())
+                .find(|previous| {
+                    previous.resource == current.resource
+                        && previous.scope.conflicts(&current.scope)
+                });
+            if let Some(previous) = previous {
+                let (old_layout, new_layout) = layouts(previous.scope, current.scope);
+                barrier_resources.push(BarrierResource {
+                    id: current.resource,
+                    range: scope_range(current.scope),
+                    src_stage: previous.scope.stage,
+                    src_access: previous.scope.access,
+                    dst_stage: current.scope.stage,
+                    dst_access: current.scope.access,
+                    old_layout,
+                    new_layout,
+                });
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let desc = resource_descs[&current.resource];
+            let initial = desc.initial_state();
+            let (old_layout, new_layout) = layouts_from_state(initial, current.scope);
+            let layout_transition = old_layout != new_layout && new_layout.is_some();
+            let initial_hazard = matches!(
+                desc,
+                ResourceDesc::ImportedBuffer { .. } | ResourceDesc::ImportedTexture { .. }
+            ) && !initial.access.is_empty()
+                && (access_flag_is_write(initial.access)
+                    || access_flag_is_write(current.scope.access));
+            if layout_transition || initial_hazard {
+                barrier_resources.push(BarrierResource {
+                    id: current.resource,
+                    range: scope_range(current.scope),
+                    src_stage: initial.stage,
+                    src_access: initial.access,
+                    dst_stage: current.scope.stage,
+                    dst_access: current.scope.access,
+                    old_layout,
+                    new_layout,
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        if !barrier_resources.is_empty() {
+            result.push(PipelineBarrier {
+                before_command: ordered_index.into(),
+                resources: barrier_resources,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+    result
+}
+
+fn layouts(
+    previous: SubresourceScope,
+    current: SubresourceScope,
+) -> (Option<vk::ImageLayout>, Option<vk::ImageLayout>) {
+    let layout = |scope: SubresourceScope| match scope.subresource {
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { layout, .. } => Some(layout),
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(_) => None,
+    };
+    (layout(previous), layout(current))
+}
+
+fn layouts_from_state(
+    initial: crate::resources::ResourceState,
+    current: SubresourceScope,
+) -> (Option<vk::ImageLayout>, Option<vk::ImageLayout>) {
+    let current_layout = match current.subresource {
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { layout, .. } => Some(layout),
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(_) => None,
+    };
+    (initial.layout, current_layout)
+}
+
+fn bind_resources(
+    resources: &BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceDesc>,
+    accesses: &[Vec<crate::recorder::ResourceAccess>],
+) -> BTreeMap<ResourceId, ResourceLifetime> {
+    let mut lifetimes = BTreeMap::new();
+    for (command, command_accesses) in accesses.iter().enumerate() {
+        for access in command_accesses {
+            lifetimes
+                .entry(access.resource)
+                .and_modify(|lifetime: &mut ResourceLifetime| {
+                    lifetime.last_command = command.into()
+                })
+                .or_insert(ResourceLifetime {
+                    first_command: command.into(),
+                    last_command: command.into(),
+                    memory_offset: 0,
+                });
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Skeleton aliasing policy: resources with non-overlapping lifetimes may
+    // share a heap offset. Actual size/alignment-aware Vulkan allocation is TODO.
+    let mut slots: Vec<(u64, CommandIndex, u64)> = Vec::new(); // (offset, last use, capacity)
+    let mut next_offset = 0;
+    let mut ids: Vec<_> = lifetimes.keys().copied().collect();
+    ids.sort_by_key(|id| lifetimes[id].first_command);
+    for id in ids {
+        let lifetime = lifetimes.get_mut(&id).expect("lifetime key exists");
+        let size = match resources[&id] {
+            ResourceDesc::CreatedBuffer(desc) => desc.size,
+            ResourceDesc::CreatedTexture(desc) => u64::from(desc.extent.width)
+                .saturating_mul(u64::from(desc.extent.height))
+                .saturating_mul(u64::from(desc.extent.depth))
+                .saturating_mul(4),
+            ResourceDesc::ImportedBuffer { .. } | ResourceDesc::ImportedTexture { .. } => 0,
+        };
+        if resources[&id].is_created()
+            && let Some((offset, last_use, capacity)) = slots
+                .iter_mut()
+                .find(|(_, last, cap)| *last < lifetime.first_command && *cap >= size)
+        {
+            lifetime.memory_offset = *offset;
+            *last_use = lifetime.last_command;
+            let _ = capacity;
+        } else {
+            lifetime.memory_offset = next_offset;
+            if resources[&id].is_created() {
+                slots.push((next_offset, lifetime.last_command, size));
+                next_offset = next_offset.saturating_add(size);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    lifetimes
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::{commands::CopyBuffer, resources::BufferRange};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn copy_buffer_compiles_with_dependency_and_barrier() {
+        let mut graph = RenderGraph::new();
+        let src = graph.create_buffer(crate::resources::BufferDesc {
+            size: 64,
+            usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC,
+        });
+        let dst = graph.create_buffer(crate::resources::BufferDesc {
+            size: 64,
+            usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST,
+        });
+        graph.push(CopyBuffer {
+            src,
+            src_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 64,
+            },
+            dst,
+            dst_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 64,
+            },
+        });
+
+        let compiled = graph.compile().expect("graph compiles");
+        assert_eq!(compiled.command_order(), &[CommandIndex(0)]);
+        assert!(compiled.barriers().is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(compiled.resource_lifetimes().len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_then_read_creates_order_and_barrier() {
+        let mut graph = RenderGraph::new();
+        let a = graph.create_buffer(crate::resources::BufferDesc {
+            size: 32,
+            usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC | vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST,
+        });
+        let b = graph.create_buffer(crate::resources::BufferDesc {
+            size: 32,
+            usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST,
+        });
+        let c = graph.create_buffer(crate::resources::BufferDesc {
+            size: 32,
+            usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST,
+        });
+        graph.push(CopyBuffer {
+            src: a,
+            src_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 32,
+            },
+            dst: b,
+            dst_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 32,
+            },
+        });
+        graph.push(CopyBuffer {
+            src: b,
+            src_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 32,
+            },
+            dst: c,
+            dst_range: BufferRange {
+                offset: 0,
+                size: 32,
+            },
+        });
+
+        let compiled = graph.compile().expect("graph compiles");
+        assert_eq!(
+            compiled.command_order(),
+            &[CommandIndex(0), CommandIndex(1)]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(compiled.barriers().len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(compiled.barriers()[0].before_command, CommandIndex(1));
+        assert_eq!(compiled.barriers()[0].resources[0].id, b.id());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/lib.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cd3c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//! A small render-graph skeleton following the design in `rendergraph.org`.
+#![allow(dead_code)]
+
+pub mod commands;
+pub mod graph;
+pub mod recorder;
+pub mod resources;
+
+pub use graph::{CompiledGraph, GraphError, RenderGraph};
+pub use recorder::{CommandIndex, CommandList, CommandRecorder, SideEffectMap};
+pub use resources::{Buffer, ResourceId, Texture};
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/main.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/main.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e7a11a9..0000000
--- a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/main.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-fn main() {
-    println!("Hello, world!");
-}
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/recorder.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/recorder.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3dfeb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/recorder.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+use ash::vk;
+
+use crate::resources::{
+    BufferRange, ResourceId, Subresource, SubresourceScope, SubresourceScopeInner,
+};
+
+/// The position of a command in its command list.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct CommandIndex(pub usize);
+
+impl CommandIndex {
+    pub fn index(self) -> usize {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<usize> for CommandIndex {
+    fn from(index: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(index)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CommandIndex> for usize {
+    fn from(index: CommandIndex) -> Self {
+        index.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ResourceAccess {
+    pub resource: ResourceId,
+    pub scope: SubresourceScope,
+}
+
+/// Stores every declared access together with the command that declared it.
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
+pub struct SideEffectMap {
+    accesses: Vec<Vec<ResourceAccess>>,
+}
+
+impl SideEffectMap {
+    pub fn begin_command(&mut self) -> CommandIndex {
+        let index = self.accesses.len();
+        self.accesses.push(Vec::new());
+        index.into()
+    }
+
+    pub fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        command_index: CommandIndex,
+        resource: ResourceId,
+        scope: SubresourceScope,
+    ) {
+        if self.accesses.len() <= command_index.0 {
+            self.accesses.resize_with(command_index.0 + 1, Vec::new);
+        }
+        let accesses = &mut self.accesses[command_index.0];
+        for existing in accesses.iter_mut() {
+            if existing.resource == resource && existing.scope.try_merge(&scope) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        accesses.push(ResourceAccess { resource, scope });
+    }
+
+    pub fn accesses(&self, command_index: CommandIndex) -> &[ResourceAccess] {
+        self.accesses
+            .get(command_index.0)
+            .map_or(&[], Vec::as_slice)
+    }
+
+    pub fn command_accesses(&self) -> &[Vec<ResourceAccess>] {
+        &self.accesses
+    }
+}
+
+/// A safe, type-erased temporary command buffer. Each command is owned until
+/// compilation/recording, while its access declarations are stored separately.
+pub struct CommandList {
+    pub(crate) commands: Vec<Box<dyn RecordedCommand>>,
+    pub side_effects: SideEffectMap,
+}
+
+pub trait RecordedCommand {
+    fn apply(&mut self, recorder: &mut CommandRecorder<'_>) -> Result<(), RecordError>;
+}
+
+impl CommandList {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            commands: Vec::new(),
+            side_effects: SideEffectMap::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push<C: crate::commands::Command + 'static>(&mut self, command: C) -> CommandIndex {
+        let index = self.side_effects.begin_command();
+        command.side_effects(index, &mut self.side_effects);
+        self.commands.push(Box::new(command));
+        index
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.commands.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.commands.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for CommandList {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum RecordError {
+    MissingBuffer(ResourceId),
+    MissingImage(ResourceId),
+}
+
+/// Vulkan recording context. Handle maps are populated for imported resources;
+/// transient allocation is intentionally left to a later allocator integration.
+pub struct CommandRecorder<'a> {
+    pub device: &'a ash::Device,
+    pub command_buffer: vk::CommandBuffer,
+    pub buffers: BTreeMap<ResourceId, vk::Buffer>,
+    pub images: BTreeMap<ResourceId, vk::Image>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CommandRecorder<'a> {
+    pub fn new(device: &'a ash::Device, command_buffer: vk::CommandBuffer) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            device,
+            command_buffer,
+            buffers: BTreeMap::new(),
+            images: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn buffer(&self, id: ResourceId) -> Result<vk::Buffer, RecordError> {
+        self.buffers
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or(RecordError::MissingBuffer(id))
+    }
+
+    pub fn image(&self, id: ResourceId) -> Result<vk::Image, RecordError> {
+        self.images
+            .get(&id)
+            .copied()
+            .ok_or(RecordError::MissingImage(id))
+    }
+
+    pub fn pipeline_barrier(&self, barrier: &super::graph::PipelineBarrier) {
+        let buffer_barriers: Vec<_> = barrier
+            .resources
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|resource| match resource.range {
+                Subresource::Buffer(BufferRange { offset, size }) => {
+                    self.buffers.get(&resource.id).map(|&buffer| {
+                        vk::BufferMemoryBarrier2::default()
+                            .src_stage_mask(resource.src_stage)
+                            .src_access_mask(resource.src_access)
+                            .dst_stage_mask(resource.dst_stage)
+                            .dst_access_mask(resource.dst_access)
+                            .buffer(buffer)
+                            .offset(offset)
+                            .size(size)
+                    })
+                }
+                Subresource::Texture(_) => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let image_barriers: Vec<_> = barrier
+            .resources
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|resource| match resource.range {
+                Subresource::Texture(range) => self.images.get(&resource.id).map(|&image| {
+                    vk::ImageMemoryBarrier2::default()
+                        .src_stage_mask(resource.src_stage)
+                        .src_access_mask(resource.src_access)
+                        .dst_stage_mask(resource.dst_stage)
+                        .dst_access_mask(resource.dst_access)
+                        .old_layout(resource.old_layout.unwrap_or(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED))
+                        .new_layout(resource.new_layout.unwrap_or(vk::ImageLayout::GENERAL))
+                        .image(image)
+                        .subresource_range(range)
+                }),
+                Subresource::Buffer(_) => None,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        let dependency = vk::DependencyInfo::default()
+            .buffer_memory_barriers(&buffer_barriers)
+            .image_memory_barriers(&image_barriers);
+        unsafe {
+            self.device
+                .cmd_pipeline_barrier2(self.command_buffer, &dependency);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn scope_range(scope: SubresourceScope) -> Subresource {
+    match scope.subresource {
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(range) => Subresource::Buffer(range),
+        SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { range, .. } => Subresource::Texture(range),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/resources.rs b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/resources.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..478af4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/renderer_rendergraph/src/resources.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+use ash::vk;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct ResourceId(pub u64);
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct Buffer(pub ResourceId);
+
+impl Buffer {
+    pub fn id(self) -> ResourceId {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]
+pub struct Texture(pub ResourceId);
+
+impl Texture {
+    pub fn id(self) -> ResourceId {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BufferRange {
+    pub offset: u64,
+    pub size: u64,
+}
+
+impl BufferRange {
+    pub const fn full() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            offset: 0,
+            size: vk::WHOLE_SIZE,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn end(self) -> u64 {
+        if self.size == vk::WHOLE_SIZE {
+            u64::MAX
+        } else {
+            self.offset.saturating_add(self.size)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn overlaps(self, other: Self) -> bool {
+        self.offset < other.end() && other.offset < self.end()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum Subresource {
+    Buffer(BufferRange),
+    Texture(vk::ImageSubresourceRange),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum SubresourceScopeInner {
+    Buffer(BufferRange),
+    Texture {
+        range: vk::ImageSubresourceRange,
+        layout: vk::ImageLayout,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SubresourceScope {
+    pub access: vk::AccessFlags2,
+    pub stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2,
+    pub subresource: SubresourceScopeInner,
+}
+
+impl SubresourceScope {
+    /// Fold identical ranges with compatible access polarity into one scope.
+    pub fn try_merge(&mut self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        if access_flag_is_read(self.access) != access_flag_is_read(other.access)
+            || access_flag_is_write(self.access) != access_flag_is_write(other.access)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let same_range = match (self.subresource, other.subresource) {
+            (SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(a), SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(b)) => a == b,
+            (
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture {
+                    range: a,
+                    layout: layout_a,
+                },
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture {
+                    range: b,
+                    layout: layout_b,
+                },
+            ) => texture_ranges_equal(a, b) && layout_a == layout_b,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+
+        if same_range {
+            self.stage |= other.stage;
+            self.access |= other.access;
+        }
+        same_range
+    }
+
+    /// Whether accesses overlap and require ordering (a write or layout change).
+    pub fn conflicts(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        let overlaps = match (self.subresource, other.subresource) {
+            (SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(a), SubresourceScopeInner::Buffer(b)) => a.overlaps(b),
+            (
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { range: a, .. },
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { range: b, .. },
+            ) => texture_ranges_overlap(a, b),
+            _ => false,
+        };
+
+        if !overlaps {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        match (self.subresource, other.subresource) {
+            (
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { layout: a, .. },
+                SubresourceScopeInner::Texture { layout: b, .. },
+            ) if a != b => true,
+            _ => {
+                !(access_flag_is_read(self.access)
+                    && !access_flag_is_write(self.access)
+                    && access_flag_is_read(other.access)
+                    && !access_flag_is_write(other.access))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn texture_ranges_equal(a: vk::ImageSubresourceRange, b: vk::ImageSubresourceRange) -> bool {
+    a.aspect_mask == b.aspect_mask
+        && a.base_mip_level == b.base_mip_level
+        && a.level_count == b.level_count
+        && a.base_array_layer == b.base_array_layer
+        && a.layer_count == b.layer_count
+}
+
+fn range_end(base: u32, count: u32) -> u64 {
+    if count == vk::REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS || count == vk::REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS {
+        u64::MAX
+    } else {
+        u64::from(base) + u64::from(count)
+    }
+}
+
+fn texture_ranges_overlap(a: vk::ImageSubresourceRange, b: vk::ImageSubresourceRange) -> bool {
+    a.aspect_mask.intersects(b.aspect_mask)
+        && u64::from(a.base_mip_level) < range_end(b.base_mip_level, b.level_count)
+        && u64::from(b.base_mip_level) < range_end(a.base_mip_level, a.level_count)
+        && u64::from(a.base_array_layer) < range_end(b.base_array_layer, b.layer_count)
+        && u64::from(b.base_array_layer) < range_end(a.base_array_layer, a.layer_count)
+}
+
+/// True when an access mask contains a Vulkan read access.
+pub fn access_flag_is_read(access: vk::AccessFlags2) -> bool {
+    access.intersects(
+        vk::AccessFlags2::INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::INDEX_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::UNIFORM_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::INPUT_ATTACHMENT_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::SHADER_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::TRANSFER_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::HOST_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::MEMORY_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::SHADER_SAMPLED_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::SHADER_STORAGE_READ
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_READ_KHR,
+    )
+}
+
+/// True when an access mask contains a Vulkan write access.
+pub fn access_flag_is_write(access: vk::AccessFlags2) -> bool {
+    access.intersects(
+        vk::AccessFlags2::SHADER_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::TRANSFER_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::HOST_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::MEMORY_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::SHADER_STORAGE_WRITE
+            | vk::AccessFlags2::ACCELERATION_STRUCTURE_WRITE_KHR,
+    )
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct BufferDesc {
+    pub size: u64,
+    pub usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TextureDesc {
+    pub format: vk::Format,
+    pub extent: vk::Extent3D,
+    pub usage: vk::ImageUsageFlags,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ResourceState {
+    pub stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2,
+    pub access: vk::AccessFlags2,
+    pub layout: Option<vk::ImageLayout>,
+}
+
+impl Default for ResourceState {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            stage: vk::PipelineStageFlags2::NONE,
+            access: vk::AccessFlags2::NONE,
+            layout: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum ResourceDesc {
+    CreatedBuffer(BufferDesc),
+    CreatedTexture(TextureDesc),
+    ImportedBuffer {
+        handle: vk::Buffer,
+        initial: ResourceState,
+    },
+    ImportedTexture {
+        handle: vk::Image,
+        initial: ResourceState,
+    },
+}
+
+impl ResourceDesc {
+    pub fn initial_state(self) -> ResourceState {
+        match self {
+            Self::ImportedBuffer { initial, .. } | Self::ImportedTexture { initial, .. } => initial,
+            Self::CreatedBuffer(_) | Self::CreatedTexture(_) => ResourceState::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_created(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::CreatedBuffer(_) | Self::CreatedTexture(_))
+    }
+}